A guide for artists who want full control — and know what that actually costs them
The Myth of the Gatekeeper
For most of the 20th century, the music industry operated like a feudal system. Labels held the keys to recording studios. Managers held the keys to labels. Booking agents held the keys to promoters. And artists — even wildly successful ones — often ended up with a fraction of what they created, their masters locked away in vaults they’d never own.
That world still exists. But it no longer has a monopoly on success.
Today, an independent artist with a laptop, a modest budget, a smart entertainment lawyer, and genuine hustle can build a six-figure career — sometimes a seven-figure one — without ever signing a traditional management deal. The question isn’t really, can you do it alone? The question is: what does doing it alone actually require, and how honest are you willing to be with yourself about the trade-offs?
This article won’t sugarcoat it. We’re going to walk through what a self-managed career looks like from the ground up — how to protect your catalog from day one, when management is genuinely useful versus when it’s an expensive middleman, and whether a long career without representation is actually possible.
Starting Without Management: The Foundation That Protects Everything
Register Everything Before You Release Anything
The single most important thing a new artist can do — before recording, before posting, before releasing a single note — is establish legal ownership of their work. This sounds obvious. Almost no one does it correctly.
Your music consists of two distinct copyrights: the composition (the melody and lyrics) and the sound recording (the actual recorded performance). You own both automatically the moment you create them, but unregistered ownership is one you’ll struggle to enforce.
Register your compositions with the U.S. Copyright Office (copyright.gov). It’s inexpensive — currently around $65 per work or less for a group registration — and it gives you the legal standing to sue for statutory damages if someone infringes your work. Without registration, you can still sue, but you’re limited to actual damages, which are often nearly impossible to prove.
Equally important: join a Performing Rights Organization (PRO). In the United States, your main options are ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC. These organizations collect performance royalties on your behalf whenever your music is played on the radio, in restaurants, at live venues, or streamed. You cannot collect these royalties yourself — they flow through PROs. Signing up is free for ASCAP and BMI, and you should do it immediately.
Also register with SoundExchange, which collects digital performance royalties for sound recordings — money owed specifically to the recording artist (as opposed to the songwriter) from services like Pandora and satellite radio. Many artists leave thousands of dollars in uncollected income each year simply because they haven’t registered.
Form a Business Entity
The moment you start earning money from music, you need a business structure. At a minimum, form a Limited Liability Company (LLC) in your state. This separates your personal assets from your business liabilities, gives you credibility when negotiating deals, simplifies your tax filings, and establishes a formal entity that can own your intellectual property.
Your catalog — your songs, your recordings, your masters — should be owned by your LLC, not by you personally. This matters enormously over a long career. If you’re ever sued, creditors come after the LLC, not your personal assets. And when your catalog eventually has real value, it becomes a transferable business asset rather than something tangled up in your personal estate.
Build Your Team Without a Manager
The first member of your team is not a manager — it’s an entertainment lawyer. We’ll talk at length later about why a great entertainment lawyer can replace much of what a manager does. But early on, you need someone who can review any agreement before you sign it, draft your own deal templates, help you set up your LLC, and advise you on the specific legal landscape of your genre and market.
Find an entertainment attorney who works with independent artists, not just major label clients. The American Bar Association and organizations like Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts can help connect you with affordable options. Many entertainment lawyers will work on a flat-fee basis for straightforward contract reviews, which makes it accessible even when you’re not yet generating significant revenue.
Beyond a lawyer, your early DIY team typically includes a good accountant who understands entertainment-industry royalties and deductions, a reliable booking contact (who can be you initially, especially for regional touring), and eventually a publicist for release campaigns. These are hired guns — you pay for specific services and retain full control.
Keeping 100% of Your Catalog: What That Actually Means
“Keeping your masters” has become something of a rallying cry in the music industry since Taylor Swift’s dispute with Scooter Braun put the issue in mainstream headlines. But many artists say they want to keep their masters without fully understanding what they’re protecting and why it matters.
What’s in Your Catalog
Your catalog is the collection of copyrights you own as both a songwriter and a recording artist. It includes the underlying compositions (which generate publishing royalties) and the master recordings (which generate master royalties from streaming, sync licensing, and sales). Over a career, these assets can be extraordinarily valuable — the reason why catalogs are now bought and sold for tens, sometimes hundreds of millions of dollars.
When you sign a traditional recording contract, you typically surrender ownership of your master recordings to the label. The label recoups its recording costs from your royalty share before you see a dollar, and the masters remain theirs often in perpetuity. This arrangement made sense when labels were the only entities capable of financing, manufacturing, and distributing physical records. It makes almost no sense in an era when you can distribute globally through DistroKid or TuneCore for under $30 a year.
Keeping 100%: The Practical Steps
Keeping your full catalog starts with never signing a deal that transfers ownership of your masters without either a reversion clause (which returns rights to you after a set period) or substantial upfront compensation that justifies the trade.
Distribute your music through artist-friendly digital distributors — DistroKid, TuneCore, CD Baby, or Amuse — all of which allow you to keep 100% of your royalties (or close to it) without surrendering any ownership. These platforms put your music on Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon, Tidal, and dozens of others, and they send your royalties directly to you.
For sync licensing — placing your music in film, TV, commercials, and video games — you can pitch your own catalog directly to music supervisors, or work with non-exclusive licensing platforms like Musicbed, Artlist, or Pond5. Non-exclusive is key. These platforms allow you to license your music without surrendering control or exclusivity.
Keep meticulous metadata on every release. Your metadata — the ISRC codes, ISWC codes, publishing information, and songwriter splits embedded in your recordings — is what ensures you get paid correctly across every platform. Get an ISRC code for each recording (your distributor usually provides these) and register your ISWC for each composition with your PRO.
The unsexy truth about keeping your catalog forever is that it requires consistent administrative attention. Royalties don’t collect themselves. Rights don’t protect themselves. But if you build these habits early, you’ll spend a few hours per month on administration and retain assets that compound in value for the rest of your life.
When Management Actually Helps
None of this is to say that management is inherently a bad deal. Good management is one of the most valuable relationships in the music business. The problem is that artists often seek management too early, give up too much equity before they have leverage, and mistake activity for progress.
Here’s when a manager genuinely earns their commission:
When you’re at a career inflection point that requires industry relationships you don’t have, major label negotiations, major booking agency signings, major festival placements, significant sync opportunities with entertainment studios — these deals involve relationships built over years. A connected manager who believes in you and has the leverage to open those doors can accelerate your trajectory in ways that no amount of independent hustle can replicate as quickly.
When the volume of your business has genuinely outgrown your bandwidth, if you’re turning down shows because you don’t have time to respond to booking inquiries, missing release windows because you’re overwhelmed coordinating between your distributor, publicist, and studio, and spending so much time on business that your creative output is suffering — that’s a legitimate sign that you need administrative help. A manager (or a very good assistant to an artist manager) can restore your creative bandwidth.
When you’re ready to scale internationally, international touring, licensing in foreign markets, and building audiences in multiple countries simultaneously involve navigating different tax treaties, PRO structures, booking ecosystems, and media landscapes. A manager with genuine international infrastructure can be invaluable here.
When a major deal is on the table, major record deals, major publishing deals, and major brand partnerships are complex enough that having an experienced manager negotiate alongside your lawyer dramatically improves your outcome. They understand the landscape of what’s possible, what’s typical, and where there’s room to push.
The standard management commission is 15-20% of gross income. On a $500,000 year, that’s $75,000 to $100,000. That’s a real number. Your manager should be able to demonstrate — not just theoretically, but actually — that their work generates more than their commission in incremental revenue, opportunities, or career acceleration that you couldn’t achieve alone.
When Management Doesn’t Help (And Can Actually Hurt)
Management becomes a liability in several predictable situations.
Too early, when you have no leverage. New artists are often so eager for validation that they sign management deals with people who have more enthusiasm than relationships. A manager cannot manufacture industry connections they don’t have. And a bad management contract — one that gives a manager 20% of your income plus producer points on recordings plus a post-term commission clause — can haunt you for years after you’ve outgrown the relationship.
When the manager’s relationships are with structures that are dying, if your manager’s primary connections are traditional radio, brick-and-mortar retail, and legacy print press, their network may be less valuable than it appears. The music industry’s power centers have shifted dramatically, and a manager whose Rolodex is 15 years old is navigating a different landscape than the one you’re actually competing in.
When the conflict of interest is structural, some managers also run recording studios, production companies, or labels. When your manager profits from steering you toward their own services rather than the best options for you, the conflict of interest is fundamental. Your manager should be a pure fiduciary — their financial incentive should be identical to yours.
When the commission is on revenue you generate yourself. A fair management contract typically excludes income from sources the manager had no role in developing. Commissions on your day job income, on the catalog you built before signing with them, or on deals you initiated and closed yourself are red flags in any management agreement.
How Far Can You Take It Without Representation?
Further than most people think. Considerably less far than some people claim.
The honest answer is that your ceiling without management is largely defined by which doors in the industry remain closed to independent artists — and that ceiling has risen dramatically with the growth of independent music.
What you can absolutely do without management:
You can build a meaningful regional and national touring career. You can release music to a global audience and collect full royalties. You can cultivate a passionate fanbase of tens of thousands — even hundreds of thousands — through consistent creative output, social media, and direct-to-fan platforms like Bandcamp, Patreon, and Substack. You can license your music for indie films, podcasts, YouTube channels, and mid-tier advertising campaigns. You can headline mid-size venues (500-2,000 capacity) in markets where you’ve built genuine audiences. You can generate a comfortable living — sometimes a genuinely great one — from music alone.
Many artists at this level earn more than their managed peers at major labels because they keep a far greater percentage of what they generate. An independent artist grossing $300,000 in a year and keeping 85-90% of it is doing better than a managed, label-signed artist generating $800,000 with 30% going to management, 15% to a business manager, and the label recouping recording costs from their royalty share.
Where representation tends to create real advantages:
The very top of the touring market — arena and stadium headlining — still runs largely through the major booking agencies (CAA, WME, UTA, Paradigm). These agencies have the infrastructure, the corporate relationships with venue chains, and the leverage to put together tours at scale. Getting there without management is possible, but slower.
Major label deals, if you want them, are negotiated through a network of relationships that most self-managed artists don’t have access to. Though it’s worth noting that, in 2025 and beyond, the reasons to want a traditional major-label deal have narrowed considerably.
Mainstream radio promotion, for genres where radio still matters, requires independent promoters with existing label relationships. This is a real barrier for certain formats.
Brand partnerships at the largest scale — multi-million-dollar campaigns with Fortune 500 companies — often flow through managers and agencies with existing brand relationships. You can reach this level independently, but it typically happens later in your career.
Going Your Whole Career With Just a Lawyer: Is It Possible?
Yes. And for a growing number of artists, it’s not just possible — it’s the better choice.
A great entertainment lawyer is arguably the most underrated team member in the music industry. Here’s why they can, in many contexts, replace a traditional manager:
They review and negotiate every contract you sign, often better than a manager whose legal knowledge is self-taught. They advise on deal structure, rights carve-outs, reversion clauses, and liability exposure. They can connect you with other professionals — booking agents, accountants, publicists — from their own professional network. And critically, they work on an hourly or flat-fee basis, not a percentage of your gross income. If you pay your attorney $10,000 a year in legal fees and generate $300,000 in revenue, you’re keeping vastly more than an artist paying 15-20% management commissions.
What a lawyer doesn’t typically do: they don’t make phone calls to pitch you to labels, they don’t coordinate your tour routing, and they don’t manage the day-to-day logistics of your career. For many self-managed artists, this gap is filled by developing genuine self-management skills — learning the business of music through reading, through industry communities like A3C or the Music Business Association, through mentorship from more established independent artists, and through tools that make business administration more manageable.
The most successful long-term self-managed careers tend to involve a few consistent elements: an artist who is genuinely interested in the business side (not just tolerating it), a trusted entertainment lawyer with whom they have an ongoing relationship, a network of peers and collaborators that serves some of the social functions a manager would, strong direct-to-fan infrastructure, and a catalog built deliberately with long-term value in mind.
Artists like Chance the Rapper (who famously built a massively successful career without a label before eventually partnering with one), Amanda Palmer (who has operated outside traditional industry structures for her entire career), and countless others in the independent sphere have demonstrated that the self-managed model isn’t just viable — it can be the foundation of a deeply sustainable creative life.
A Practical Roadmap
If you’re starting from zero and want to build this the right way, here’s where to focus your energy in sequence:
In your first year, form your LLC, register your copyrights, join a PRO and SoundExchange, set up your distribution through an artist-friendly platform, open a separate business bank account, and find at least a part-time entertainment attorney to review any agreement before you sign it.
As you generate your first consistent income, hire a music-savvy accountant, start building your direct-to-fan ecosystem, and develop real discipline around metadata and royalty tracking. Keep your publishing rights and master recordings. Do not sign them away for short-term money or validation.
As your career matures, evaluate honestly whether your ceiling is being limited by a specific lack of relationships or infrastructure — not by a general desire for someone to handle things for you. If management makes sense, negotiate a fair deal with a short initial term, a reasonable commission rate, and explicit carve-outs for income you developed independently. If it doesn’t make sense, build the specific capacities you need through targeted hires.
Throughout your entire career, maintain your relationship with your entertainment attorney. Get your contracts reviewed. Register your copyrights. Stay organized. These habits are not glamorous, but they are the structural foundation on which every successful independent music career is built.
The Bottom Line
The music industry will tell you that you need management to succeed. Management will tell you that you can’t handle your own business. Labels will tell you that a deal with them is the only path to real success. These are not lies exactly — they’re perspectives shaped by the business interests of the people speaking them.
The truth is more nuanced. Management is a tool, not a prerequisite. A great manager at the right moment can accelerate a career meaningfully. A bad manager at the wrong moment can cost you years, money, and ownership of things you can never get back.
The artist who understands their own business — who owns their catalog outright, who has a trusted attorney, who has built genuine direct relationships with their audience, and who makes deliberate decisions about when and whether to bring in representation — is in a position of power that artists in previous generations rarely had.
That power is available to you. Use it wisely.
This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal or financial advice. Consult a qualified entertainment attorney for guidance specific to your situation.
Robert Bruton is a multifaceted creative visionary whose work spans literature, photography, and filmmaking. As an author, Robert’s captivating storytelling delves into the mysteries of human nature, life’s challenges, and the pursuit of purpose. His written works resonate with readers, offering profound insights and inspiration from his journey of perseverance and creativity.

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